What types of personalities are and how to determine your psycho?

Even the most closed people engaged in a purely technical field, are constantly forced to contact with someone. And they need relevant knowledge from the field of scientific psychology about what kind of people they can meet. More importantly, such information is for managers, for employees of human resources departments, and for enterprise security services.

One of the first researchers who seriously approached the establishment of a personality typology was the famous Karl Gustav Jung. It was he who noted that the discrepancies between the predictions of psychological theories and real practice are connected precisely with the peculiarities of specific people. The famous psychiatrist and theorist of psychological research proceeded from the fact that there are so-called archetypes, that is, elements of the collective unconscious, cultural innate structures. Jung believed that the prototypes are hidden in the deep layers of the unconscious, far beyond what is usually considered a person. He argued that men have separate "female" archetypes, and women, respectively, "male" archetypes.

Just this specialist suggested the division into extroverts and introverts. The first are focused on interaction with the outside world, and the second - on purely internal experiences. Contrary to popular belief, an eminent psychologist did not directly connect these statuses and level of sociability. An extrovert, according to Jung, rather poorly controls internal mental processes, simply because it pays little attention to them.

Such a person for the most part tries to change external circumstances, and not his attitude towards them. For extroverts, collective and holistic priority over individual beginning and particular moments is typical. Introverts also focus on internal mental processes. They love to contemplate their thoughts and analyze experiences, motives, correct mistakes. But one should not assume that the introvert is always an egoist - special studies have shown the infidelity of such a judgment.

Jung carried out the classification not only by extroversion and introversion. He divided people into rational and irrational types. The essence is no longer whether external or internal moments play the main role, but how they are conceptualized. A rational person has a clearly articulated approach, which may change depending on the situation, but very slowly and only under weighty circumstances. Such a person is prudent and cautious, acting most often consistently, in a clear pattern.

The irrational part of people is very sensitive, reacts to everything emotionally. This reaction is often ahead of rational understanding and even interferes with it. Reasonable arguments on such individuals are very weakly influenced, but sympathies and antipathies strongly influence. Jung also took into account such personality traits as sensations and intuition. But his system of classifying people is not the only one that is used in practice - there are more common approaches.

The most usual version of the classification of personality types is the allocation of 4 temperaments. So called the system of human properties, due largely to physiology and expressed in psychological processes, phenomena. It is only with great difficulty and for a short time that you manage to consciously behave differently from what temperament dictates. For any lengthy period of time it will still break through to the surface.

This human type easily makes contact with children and is lively. Sanguine person is not difficult to switch from one area of ​​activity to another, to adapt to a non-standard environment for themselves. Usually such people speak loudly and quickly, facial expressions and gestures clearly express the emotions they are experiencing. Sanguine people are in dire need of something new and fresh all the time, then they have an interest in the surrounding life. It is at such moments that people of this temperament are perceived by others as active, active, capable of “rolling mountains”.

But everything changes when the sanguine person has to do a long and monotonous work. Then the interest in the case quickly weakens, is replaced by indifference and lethargy. Only very disciplined or rigidly set sanguine persons do not show boredom explicitly. Emotions in such people do not differ in particular depth; they can be replaced by an opposite mood in a very short time. Still, a positive attitude dominates.

As well as representatives of the sanguine type, these people are distinguished by increased activity and sociability. But between them there is a serious difference. Choleric people are even less balanced than sanguine, they are characterized by increased excitability and short temper. Where some are restrained, others are impulsive and easily irritated. Gestures are sharp, and by mimicry, even non-specialists can easily guess about the emotion really experienced.

Choleric people can take up work, a different matter with the greatest enthusiasm, make a lot of effort. Serious difficulties are unlikely to just stop them. However, it must be borne in mind that with choleric temperament, the supply of nerve forces can quickly and suddenly become impoverished. Sometimes the plan is thrown halfway, or at least dramatically change the approach, attract new assistants. When communicating with others, it is difficult for choleric people to behave correctly, to contain irritation if something does not suit them.

With this temperament, it is extremely difficult to approach others objectively. In the case of any misconduct, breach of obligations, even the smallest, they often fail, break relations. Communicate with choleric because of this and hard. They find it difficult to recognize the fallacy of the decision and “play back”.

The peculiarity of this human nature is slowness and balance. In all actions calm and reasonableness is found. One day they try to bring the matter to a logical conclusion, even if you have to make a lot of effort and overcome difficulties. But we must understand that this success is achieved somewhat slower than in people with different temperaments. Phlegmatic emotions are mild, it is rather difficult to recognize them.

Their sociability is moderate: talk with anyone is not difficult, but there is no particularly urgent need for communication. The mood changes slowly, usually set at once for the whole day. Very serious events must occur in order for it to quickly change. Exposure and composure in the most difficult situations - a strong trait of phlegmatic. However, they also have problems: often the behavior is sluggish and inert, there is an indifferent attitude to many things.

The last of the four temperaments, like the phlegmatic one, is distinguished by a slow progress of mental processes. It is extremely difficult to interest melancholics in anything, to motivate them to be active, especially when it comes to great effort and loss. Emotions develop gradually, but can reach great depths. It is very easy to insult, touch melancholic (although the external manifestations are weak).

Such people:

• often withdraw into themselves;
• with difficulty mastering a completely new and unusual;
• able to act effectively if the situation is well mastered.

In antiquity, the principles of identifying types of temperament were fantastic: they were associated with the predominance of certain fluids in the body. Only in the XIX-XX centuries, it became possible to identify such features of a person as manifestations of a particular type of nervous system. Thanks to the research of IP Pavlov, it was found that the main factor affecting temperament is how strong the nervous system is. Also take into account the rapidity of arousal and inhibition.

According to Pavlov, there are 4 types of the nervous system:

• weak (slowed down and arousal and inhibition) are melancholic;
• strong (easily irritated, moderately strongly inhibited) - choleric;
• strong balanced - sanguine;
• strong balanced with slow mental processes - phlegmatic.

It expresses the willingness of nerve cells to work in a tense manner for a while without the need for rest. It is considered that the stronger the nervous system, the higher the person’s resistance to stress. If this power is great, people can act almost without any problems even in adverse and unpredictable conditions. They can recuperate in a short time, then return to the previous occupation without much difficulty.

It is possible to recognize all types of psyche, including unstable, by external signs and behavioral features. So, sanguine persons for the most part:

• medium or lower growth;
• differ wide bones;
• have excess weight;
• have a slightly rounded forehead.

Phlegmatic outwardly usually heroic physique, sluggish and reasonable, have a square or rectangular torso. Such people are going confidently and calmly. The bodies of phlegmatic are dense and massive. Of the negative properties can be noted tendency to obesity. Limbs of small or medium length.

Choleric constantly moving, hardly sitting on the ground. Externally, they look like fragile and thin people with a pointed chin. The cheekbones of choleric people also sharpen. The tip of the nose is located below its base. The very shape of the nose is very clear, well recognized from afar.

The face of the melancholic is refined; if there is no special reason for joy, one can easily catch a strong longing in his eyes. The typical melancholic is thin, has relatively thin and elongated bones, muscles. The pelvis is wide, but the waist is narrow. Another prominent feature is the sharp angle formed by the ribs. All these patterns are derived statistically, so judgments about a person's temperament in its external appearance are often erroneous.

It should be borne in mind that in “pure form” the described temperaments are extremely rare.

Prepared psychologists take into account in their classification a number of basic properties:

• sensitivity;
• severity of the reaction;
• ability to change;
• level of inertness.

Professionals also believe that leadership characteristics may appear among representatives of any temperament. It depends on what type of tasks you need to decide, how global it is, whether novelty or routine moments prevail. Opinion about melancholic as loafers little understood. Often they meditate, simply not showing emotions.

In addition to temperaments, there is also a division into groups distinguished by socionics. Experts on it are guided by three points:

• perception of incoming information;
• features of its processing;
• specificity of interaction with the external environment.

Socionistic psychological types are named brightly and figuratively. So, "Dostoevsky" they are distinguished by good education and tact; they are compassionate for those who are weaker. They are able to understand the characteristics of other people, very quickly and easily assess who, with whom and in what relationship is. Don Quixotes behave irrationally, easily breaking established patterns. Such a person in any situation reveals several ways to act and quickly makes the right decision.

"Don Quixote" able to see the hidden potential in every detail. They skillfully use and any weakness of the opponent, and any valuable property of the object, and a favorable chance, provided even for a short while. Sociotype "Yesenin" is characterized by the ability to feel, even in many ways intuitively, the most convenient moment for a particular step. "Yesenin" easier than other people to predict further developments.

Sociotype "Stirlitz" it is remarkable that it is able to act both offline and as an organizer equally effectively. Such people are also characterized by the ability to perform their work in the most comfortable way, even in an unfavorable, disturbing situation.

Sociotype "Jack London" characterizes a person who treats everything pragmatically from the position of gain or damage. Any information, any person met on the way of life, free time and so on - all this is evaluated as a resource for achieving the goal or as an obstacle in solving the set task. But “Hamlet” is sharply emotional, able to catch even the weak emotions of other people; This ability can be used to push in the right direction.

"Robespierre" differ in three properties:

• strict punctuality;
• responsibility to themselves and others;
• burden of justice.

If a person puts personal comfort and harmony in the surrounding space first, then this "Gaben". Representatives of such a sociotype feel well in a calm orderly environment, but the conquest of new heights, the study of previously unknown to them is hardly suitable. So-called Balzac Immediately reveals problems and shortcomings where others do not notice them. But it is precisely this property that can give a person many problems.

Type of "Huxley" may also notice hidden from other people, but we are already talking about implicit possibilities. Ethical considerations are more valuable to them than logical constructs. Often, "Huxley" puts forward frankly fantastic ideas and ideas. Curiosity is peculiar to them. Memory is usually very strong.

"Maxims Bitter" - The apparent opposite of "Huxley". Such a person puts logic in the first place. No wonder: he knows how to recognize a causal relationship like no other. Dominant in all respects rational thinking. But "Dreiser" - something intermediate. For such people, logic is important, but they try to follow strict moral principles, and if they notice a departure from them, they criticize it immediately.

Type of "Dumas" - This is an introvert, preferring to consider the world around us subjectively. A comfortable setting for them is needed anyway. The more harmonious the environment, the better. Sociotype "Napoleon" is fully consistent with the characteristics of the famous commander.It is characterized by strong will, perseverance in achieving its goal and the ability to go to it, even if the situation is unfavorable.

But the type "Zhukov" it is incorrectly singled out, on the basis of the black myth, which hardly has real historical grounds. So called in socionics excessively selfish people. Feature - the desire to achieve the task at any cost and strictly at a certain point.

Finally, it is worth talking about the psycho "Hugo", which is characterized by cheerfulness and vigor. Such people are invariably positive, even in small things, pleasant in communication.

But whatever gradation of personalities is considered, all the properties described above appear only in a normal working and everyday environment. And any person sooner or later have to participate in various conflicts. Behavior in this situation also allows you to classify people. The concept of Obozov has gained some acceptance. The so-called "practices" are always trying to attack in order to defend more effectively.

If they are involved in a conflict, then it is often delayed and sharpened. This is due to the fact that the practitioner always tries to correct the position of others in the way he wishes. Small skirmishes are perceived by him superficially, as something insignificant. Because of the relationship after a quarrel can be broken until the final spat.

Until recently, these people try to maintain good relations and fully communicate. For the sake of this goal, they are even ready to sacrifice a part of their own comfort or positions, not to take advantage of certain advantages during the conflict. Arguments in the dispute are selected carefully, trying to avoid sharp attacks and transitions to the individual. "Interlocutor" immediately notices who thinks like. He is ready to accept the opinion of another person and even cooperate with those who think in a fundamentally different way.

The third type according to Obozov is the “thinker”. Such a person tries to have the most clear idea about himself, about other people and about the outside world. When the thinker is involved in a conflict, he does not seek to respond first or under the influence of emotions. On the contrary, he carefully constructs the system of argumentation, trying to make it logically flawless and invulnerable to criticism. Caution thinkers less peculiar than the interlocutors.

Along with the three-tier transponder system, there is also the division of conflicting people into four types. Demonstrative person always seeks to be in the limelight. For him, the subjective opinion of others is very important. A demonstrator can adapt to a changing environment. Because of the behavior, it often provokes the beginning of a collision, although it may not be aware of or deny it.

Such people are characterized by suspicion and excessively high self-esteem. If self-worth is not confirmed in one way or another, "the day is wasted." A rigid person is inclined to go to his goal to the end, not taking into account the changed situation. Moreover, the needs and sufferings of other people have little value for him. If an act or inaction at a certain moment helps to achieve a goal, rigid people would hardly agree to recognize it as wrong, to reconsider their assessments.

Representatives of this type are distinguished by impulsiveness and weak self-control. Even they themselves can not always predict how they will behave after a while or in certain circumstances. Norms and decency for such a person are important only to the extent that their violation entails condemnation and sanctions. Sometimes, however, even the likelihood of severe punishment for a particular act does not stop them.

For supervisors, such a sociotype of a subordinate is attractive with scrupulousness in work and heightened demands on himself. But at the same time, everyone with whom such a person interacts is quickly aware of his pickyness, even from unnecessary nuances. Anxiety, a constant fear that something will go wrong, is characteristic of an ultra-precise personality. In case of any failure, accusations and self-accusations begin, the search for interfering people or provocateurs. Nervous breakdowns or even psychosomatic disorders on this basis are likely.

To begin with, it should be realized that everything said above is largely arbitrary. Quite identical people do not exist, and even the properties of temperament or character may change over time. The first step in determining the psychological affiliation is self-observation. When analyzing actions you need to pay attention to:

• tendency to participate in conflicts;
• strategy with such participation;
• preferred activity;
• decision making speed;
• the sharpness of judgment;
• ability to change one's opinion or lack of such ability.

On how to determine the psycho type of personality, see the following video.